Alias & Strings

Now that we know what arrays are, have gotten in touch with immutable, and had a quick look at the basic types, it's time to introduce two new constructs in one line:

alias string = immutable(char)[];

The term string is defined by an alias statement which defines it as a slice of immutable(char)s. This means, once a string has been constructed its content will never change again. And actually this is the second introduction: welcome UTF-8 string!

Due to their immutablility, strings can be shared perfectly among different threads. As string is a slice, parts can be taken out of it without allocating memory. The standard function std.algorithm.splitter for example, splits a string by newline without any memory allocations.

Besides the UTF-8 string, there are two more types:

alias wstring = immutable(wchar)[]; // UTF-16
alias dstring = immutable(dchar)[]; // UTF-32

The variants are most easily converted between each other using the to method from std.conv:

dstring myDstring = to!dstring(myString);
string myString   = to!string(myDstring);

Unicode strings

This means that a plain string is defined as an array of 8-bit Unicode code units. All array operations can be used on strings, but they will work on a code unit level, and not a character level. At the same time, standard library algorithms will interpret strings as sequences of code points, and there is also an option to treat them as sequences of graphemes by explicit usage of std.uni.byGrapheme.

This small example illustrates the difference in interpretation:

string s = "\u0041\u0308"; // Ä

writeln(s.length); // 3

import std.range : walkLength;
writeln(s.walkLength); // 2

import std.uni : byGrapheme;
writeln(s.byGrapheme.walkLength); // 1

Here the actual array length of s is 3, because it contains 3 code units: 0x41, 0x03 and 0x08. Those latter two define a single code point (combining diacritics character) and walkLength (standard library function to calculate arbitrary range length) counts two code points total. Finally, byGrapheme performs rather expensive calculations to recognize that these two code points combine into a single displayed character.

Correct processing of Unicode can be very complicated, but most of the time, D developers can simply consider string variables as magical byte arrays and rely on standard library algorithms to do the right job. If by element (code unit) iteration is desired, one can use byCodeUnit.

Auto-decoding in D is explained in more detail in the Unicode gems chapter.

Multi-line strings

Strings in D can always span over multiple lines:

string multiline = "
This
may be a
long document
";

When quotes appear in the document, Wysiwyg strings (see below) or heredoc strings can be used.

Wysiwyg strings

It is also possible to use raw strings to minimize laborious escaping of reserved symbols. Raw strings can be declared using either backticks ( ` ... ` ) or the r(aw)-prefix (r" ... ").

string raw  =  `raw "string"`; // raw "string"
string raw2 = r"raw `string`"; // raw `string`

D provides even more ways to represent strings - don't hesitate to explore them.

In-depth

rdmd playground.d